The protein encoded by this gene is a catalytic subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer consisting of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. AMPK is an important energy-sensing enzyme that monitors cellular energy status. In response to cellular metabolic stresses, AMPK is activated, and thus phosphorylates and inactivates acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and beta-hydroxy beta-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), key enzymes involved in regulating de novo biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol. Studies of the mouse counterpart suggest that this catalytic subunit may control whole-body insulin sensitivity and is necessary for maintaining myocardial energy homeostasis during ischemia. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Function:
Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Regulates lipid synthesis by phosphorylating and inactivating lipid metabolic enzymes such as ACACA, ACACB, GYS1, HMGCR and LIPE; regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis by phosphorylating acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA and ACACB) and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) enzymes, respectively. Regulates insulin-signaling and glycolysis by phosphorylating IRS1, PFKFB2 and PFKFB3. AMPK stimulates glucose uptake in muscle by increasing the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, possibly by mediating phosphorylation of TBC1D4/AS160. Regulates transcription and chromatin structure by phosphorylating transcription regulators involved in energy metabolism such as CRTC2/TORC2, FOXO3, histone H2B, HDAC5, MEF2C, MLXIPL/ChREBP, EP300, HNF4A, p53/TP53, SRESF1, SRESF2 and PPARGC1A. Acts as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in liver by phosphorylating CRTC2/TORC2, leading to CRTC2/TORC2 sequestration in the cytoplasm. In response to stress, phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of histone H2B (H2BS36ph), leading to promote transcription. Acts as a key regulator of cell growth and proliferation by phosphorylating TSC2, RPTOR and ATG1: in response to nutrient limitation, negatively regulates the mTORC1 complex by phosphorylating RPTOR component of the mTORC1 complex and by phosphorylating and activating TSC2. In response to nutrient limitation, promotes autophagy by phosphorylating and activating ULK1. AMPK also acts as a regulator of circadian rhythm by mediating phosphorylation of CRY1, leading to destabilize it. May regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by phosphorylating CTNNB1, leading to stabilize it. Also phosphorylates CFTR, EEF2K, KLC1, NOS3 and SLC12A1.
Subunit:
AMPK is a heterotrimer of an alpha catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2), a beta (PRKAB1 or PRKAB2) and a gamma non-catalytic subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3). Interacts with FNIP1 and FNIP2.
Subcellular Location:
Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Note=In response to stress, recruited by p53/TP53 to specific promoters.
Post-translational modifications:
Ubiquitinated.
Phosphorylated at Thr-172 by STK11/LKB1 in complex with STE20-related adapter-alpha (STRADA) pseudo kinase and CAB39. Also phosphorylated at Thr-172 by CAMKK2; triggered by a rise in intracellular calcium ions, without detectable changes in the AMP/ATP ratio. CAMKK1 can also phosphorylate Thr-172, but at much lower lvel. Dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A and 2C (PP2A and PP2C). Phosphorylated by ULK1; leading to negatively regulate AMPK activity and suggesting the existence of a regulatory feedback loop between ULK1 and AMPK.
Similarity:
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
Contains 1 protein kinase domain.
SWISS:
P54646
Gene ID:
5563
Database links:
Entrez Gene: 5563 Human
Entrez Gene: 108079 Mouse
Entrez Gene: 78975 Rat
Omim: 600497 Human
SwissProt: P54646 Human
SwissProt: Q8BRK8 Mouse
SwissProt: Q09137 Rat
Unigene: 437039 Human
Unigene: 48638 Mouse
Unigene: 64583 Rat
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Sample:
Lane 1: Hela (Human) Cell Lysate at 30 ug
Lane 2: Jurkat (Human) Cell Lysate at 30 ug
Lane 3: 293T (Human) Cell Lysate at 30 ug
Primary: Anti-AMPK alpha 2 (SL2771R) at 1/1000 dilution
Secondary: IRDye800CW Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG at 1/20000 dilution
Predicted band size: 62 kD
Observed band size: 60 kD
Sample:
Lane1: Brain(Rat) Lysate at 30 ug
Lane2: Heart(Rat) Lysate at 30 ug
Primary: Anti-PRKAA2/AMPK alpha 2 (SL2771R) at 1:200 dilution;
Secondary: HRP conjugated Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(SL0295G-HRP) at 1: 3000 dilution;
Predicted band size : 62kD
Observed band size : 62kD
Tissue/cell: human kidney tissue; 4% Paraformaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded;
Antigen retrieval: citrate buffer ( 0.01M, pH 6.0 ), Boiling bathing for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% Hydrogen peroxide for 30min; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum,SLC0005) at 37℃ for 20 min;
Incubation: Anti-PRKAA2/AMPK alpha 2 Polyclonal Antibody, Unconjugated(SL2771R) 1:200, overnight at 4°C, followed by conjugation to the secondary antibody(SP-0023) and DAB(SLC0010) staining
Tissue/cell: rat brain tissue; 4% Paraformaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded;
Antigen retrieval: citrate buffer ( 0.01M, pH 6.0 ), Boiling bathing for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% Hydrogen peroxide for 30min; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum,SLC0005) at 37℃ for 20 min;
Incubation: Anti-PRKAA2/AMPK alpha 2 Polyclonal Antibody, Unconjugated(SL2771R) 1:200, overnight at 4°C, followed by conjugation to the secondary antibody(SP-0023) and DAB(SLC0010) staining
Blank control: A549.
Primary Antibody (green line): Rabbit Anti-AMPK alpha 2 antibody (SL2771R)
Dilution: 1μg /10^6 cells;
Isotype Control Antibody (orange line): Rabbit IgG .
Secondary Antibody : Goat anti-rabbit IgG-PE
Dilution: 3μg /test.
Protocol
The cells were fixed with 4% PFA (10min at room temperature)and then permeabilized with 90% ice-cold methanol for 20 min at-20℃. The cells were then incubated in 5% BSA to block non-specific protein-protein interactions for 30 min at at room temperature .Cells stained with Primary Antibody for 30 min at room temperature. The secondary antibody used for 40 min at room temperature. Acquisition of 20,000 events was performed.
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