background:
Milk proteins are crucial for the development of all newborn mammals and caseins constitute the major proteins in mammalian milk. b- and k-caseins are the only caseins present in human milk. The b-casein/k-casein ratio is higher in colostrum than in transitional and mature milk and is related to a better digestibility of colostrum casein micelles by the neonate during the first days of life. Human b-casein-encoding gene (Bca) contains a highly phosphorylated site, which is responsible for the calcium-binding capacity of b-casein. A common set of transcription factors are required for the expression of b-casein. Multiple binding sites for Stat5, C/EBPb (CCAAT/enchancer-binding protein) and several half-sites for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) are identified in the distal human enhancer of the b-casein gene. b-casein gene transcription is regulated primarily by a composite response element (CoRE), which integrates signaling from the lactogenic hormones PRL, insulin and hydrocortisone in mammary epithelial cells. NFkB functions as a negative regulator of b-casein gene expression during pregnancy by interfering with Stat5 tyrosine phosphorylation
Function:
Important role in determination of the surface properties of the casein micelles.
Casoparan acts as a macrophage activator, increasing the phagocytic activity of macrophages and peroxide release from macrophages. It also acts as a bradykinin-potentiating peptide.
Casohypotensin acts as a bradykinin-potentiating peptide. Induces hypotension in rats. Acts as a strong competitive inhibitor of endo-oligopeptidase A.
Antioxidant peptide has antioxidant activity.
Subcellular Location:
Secreted.
Tissue Specificity:
Mammary gland specific. Secreted in milk.
Similarity:
Belongs to the beta-casein family.
Database links:
Entrez Gene: 1447 Human
Entrez Gene: 281099 Bovin
Entrez Gene: 443391 Sheep
Omim: 11592 Human
SwissProt: P05814 Human
SwissProt: P02666 Bovin
Unigene: 2242 Human
Important Note:
This product as supplied is intended for research use only, not for use in human, therapeutic or diagnostic applications.
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