background:
Autophagy is a catabolic process for the autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of bulk cytoplasmic contents (1,2). It is generally activated by conditions of nutrient deprivation but is also associated with a number of physiological processes including development, differentiation, neurodegeneration, infection, and cancer (3). The molecular machinery of autophagy was largely discovered in yeast and is directed by a number of autophagy-related (Atg) genes (4).Atg9, one of the Atg proteins identified in yeast, is essential for autophagosome formation (5). There are two human functional orthologues based on the yeast homolog Atg9p: Atg9A, which has also been identified as Atg9L1 and mAtg9, and Atg9L2, which was first reported as nitric-oxide synthase 3 antisense (NOS3AS) (6,7). Atg9A is an integral membrane protein that is required for both the initiation and the expansion of the autophagosome (6,7). Recruitment of Atg9A to the autophagosomal membrane is dynamic and transient as Atg9A also cycles between autophagy-related structures known as omegasomes, the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and endosomes, and at no point becomes a stable component of the autophagosomal membrane (6,8). The precise regulation of Atg9A trafficking is not fully clarified, yet it is suggested to involve p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-binding protein p38IP and the Beclin-1-binding protein Bif-1 (9,10).
Function:
Plays a role in autophagy. Cycles between a juxta-nuclear trans-Golgi network compartment and late endosomes. Nutrient starvation induces accumulation on autophagosomes. Starvation-dependent trafficking requires ULK1, ATG13 and FAM48A.
Subunit:
Belongs to the ATG9 family.
Subcellular Location:
Cytoplasmic vesicle > autophagosome membrane. Golgi apparatus > trans-Golgi network membrane. Late endosome membrane.
Similarity:
Belongs to the ATG9 family.
Database links:
Entrez Gene: 79065 Human
Entrez Gene: 245860 Mouse
Entrez Gene: 363254 Rat
Omim: 612204 Human
SwissProt: Q7Z3C6 Human
SwissProt: Q68FE2 Mouse
SwissProt: Q5FWU3 Rat
Unigene: 323363 Human
Unigene: 479951 Mouse
Unigene: 35248 Rat
Important Note:
This product as supplied is intended for research use only, not for use in human, therapeutic or diagnostic applications.
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