The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the ser/thr protein kinase family. It is the catalytic subunit of the 5'-prime-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a cellular energy sensor conserved in all eukaryotic cells. The kinase activity of AMPK is activated by the stimuli that increase the cellular AMP/ATP ratio. AMPK regulates the activities of a number of key metabolic enzymes through phosphorylation. It protects cells from stresses that cause ATP depletion by switching off ATP-consuming biosynthetic pathways. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. [provided by RefSeq].
Function:
Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; probably by indirectly activating myosin. Regulates lipid synthesis by phosphorylating and inactivating lipid metabolic enzymes such as ACACA, ACACB, GYS1, HMGCR and LIPE; regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis by phosphorylating acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA and ACACB) and hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE) enzymes, respectively. Regulates insulin-signaling and glycolysis by phosphorylating IRS1, PFKFB2 and PFKFB3. AMPK stimulates glucose uptake in muscle by increasing the translocation of the glucose transporter SLC2A4/GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, possibly by mediating phosphorylation of TBC1D4/AS160. Regulates transcription and chromatin structure by phosphorylating transcription regulators involved in energy metabolism such as CRTC2/TORC2, FOXO3, histone H2B, HDAC5, MEF2C, MLXIPL/ChREBP, EP300, HNF4A, p53/TP53, SRESF1, SRESF2 and PPARGC1A. Acts as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis in liver by phosphorylating CRTC2/TORC2, leading to CRTC2/TORC2 sequestration in the cytoplasm. In response to stress, phosphorylates 'Ser-36' of histone H2B (H2BS36ph), leading to promote transcription. Acts as a key regulator of cell growth and proliferation by phosphorylating TSC2, RPTOR and ATG1: in response to nutrient limitation, negatively regulates the mTORC1 complex by phosphorylating RPTOR component of the mTORC1 complex and by phosphorylating and activating TSC2. In response to nutrient limitation, promotes autophagy by phosphorylating and activating ULK1. AMPK also acts as a regulator of circadian rhythm by mediating phosphorylation of CRY1, leading to destabilize it. May regulate the Wnt signaling pathway by phosphorylating CTNNB1, leading to stabilize it. Also has tau-protein kinase activity: in response to amyloid beta A4 protein (APP) exposure, activated by CAMKK2, leading to phosphorylation of MAPT/TAU; however the relevance of such data remains unclear in vivo. Also phosphorylates CFTR, EEF2K, KLC1, NOS3 and SLC12A1.
Subunit:
AMPK is a heterotrimer of an alpha catalytic subunit (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2), a beta (PRKAB1 or PRKAB2) and a gamma non-catalytic subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3). Interacts with FNIP1 and FNIP2.
Subcellular Location:
Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Translocates to the nucleus during heat shock and resides in sub-nuclear structures known as SC35 speckles or nuclear splicing speckles.
Tissue Specificity:
Lens as well as other tissues.
Post-translational modifications:
Ubiquitinated.
Phosphorylated at Thr-183 by STK11/LKB1 in complex with STE20-related adapter-alpha (STRADA) pseudo kinase and CAB39. Also phosphorylated at Thr-183 by CAMKK2; triggered by a rise in intracellular calcium ions, without detectable changes in the AMP/ATP ratio. CAMKK1 can also phosphorylate Thr-183, but at much lower lvel. Dephosphorylated by protein phosphatase 2A and 2C (PP2A and PP2C). Phosphorylated by ULK1 and ULK2; leading to negatively regulate AMPK activity and suggesting the existence of a regulatory feedback loop between ULK1, ULK2 and AMPK.
DISEASE:
Defects in CRYAB are the cause of myofibrillar alpha-B crystallin-related (MFM-CRYAB) [MIM:608810]. A neuromuscular disorder that results in weakness of the proximal and distal limb muscles, weakness of the neck, velopharynx and trunk muscles, hypetrophic cardiomyopathy, and cataract in a subset of patients.
Similarity:
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. SNF1 subfamily.
Contains 1 protein kinase domain.
SWISS:
Q13131
Gene ID:
5562
Database links:
Entrez Gene: 5562 Human
Entrez Gene: 105787 Mouse
Entrez Gene: 65248 Rat
Omim: 602739 Human
SwissProt: Q13131 Human
SwissProt: Q5EG47 Mouse
SwissProt: P54645 Rat
Unigene: 43322 Human
Unigene: 207004 Mouse
Unigene: 87789 Rat
AMPKα1 (AMP-activated Protein Kinase-α1)（腺苷单磷酸活化蛋白激酶-α1）是一种参与细胞适应能量危机的应激反应酶,AMPK不仅可以在细胞水平作为能量的感受器，还可以通过激素和细胞因子，如瘦素、脂联素和ghrelin来参与调节机体的能量消耗和能量摄入.
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Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (Mouse brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (phospho-AMPK alpha-1 (Ser496+Ser502)) Polyclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (SL3025R) at 1:400 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Rabbit) (sp-0023) instructionsand DAB staining.
Paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded (Rat brain); Antigen retrieval by boiling in sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) for 15min; Block endogenous peroxidase by 3% hydrogen peroxide for 20 minutes; Blocking buffer (normal goat serum) at 37°C for 30min; Antibody incubation with (phospho-AMPK alpha-1 (Ser496+Ser502)) Polyclonal Antibody, Unconjugated (SL3025R) at 1:400 overnight at 4°C, followed by operating according to SP Kit(Rabbit) (sp-0023) instructionsand DAB staining.
Blank control:Mouse spleen.
Primary Antibody (green line): Rabbit Anti-AMPK antibody (SL3025R)
Dilution: 2μg /10^6 cells;
Isotype Control Antibody (orange line): Rabbit IgG .
Secondary Antibody : Goat anti-rabbit IgG-AF488
Dilution: 1μg /test.
Protocol
The cells were fixed with 70% ethanol (10min at room temperature) and then were incubated in 5%BSA to block non-specific protein-protein interactions for 30 min at room temperature .Cells stained with Primary Antibody for 30 min at room temperature. The secondary antibody used for 40 min at room temperature. Acquisition of 20,000 events was performed.
Blank control (Black line): Mouse spleen(Black).
Primary Antibody (green line): Rabbit Anti-phospho-AMPK alpha-1 (Ser496+Ser502) antibody (SL3025R)
Dilution: 3μg /10^6 cells;
Isotype Control Antibody (orange line): Rabbit IgG .
Secondary Antibody (white blue line): Goat anti-rabbit IgG-AF647
Dilution: 1μg /test.
Protocol
The cells were fixed with 4% PFA (10min at room temperature)and then permeabilized with 90% ice-cold methanol for 20 min at room temperature. The cells were then incubated in 5%BSA to block non-specific protein-protein interactions for 30 min at room temperature .Cells stained with Primary Antibody for 30 min at room temperature. The secondary antibody used for 40 min at room temperature. Acquisition of 10,000 events was performed.
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