Influenza A virus is a major public health threat. Novel influenza virus strains caused by genetic drift and viral recombination emerge periodically to which humans have little or no immunity, resulting in devastating pandemics. Influenza A can exist in a variety of animals; however it is in birds that all subtypes can be found. These subtypes are classified based on the combination of the virus coat glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes. During 1997, an H5N1 avian influenza virus was determined to be the cause of death in 6 of 18 infected patients in Hong Kong. There was some evidence of human to human spread of this virus, but it is thought that the transmission efficiency was fairly low. HA interacts with cell surface proteins containing oligosaccharides with terminal sialyl residues. Virus isolated from a human infected with the H5N1 strain in 1997 could bind to oligosaccharides from human as well as avian sources, indicating its species jumping ability.
Function:
Forms a proton-selective ion channel that is necessary for the efficient release of the viral genome during virus entry. After attaching to the cell surface, the virion enters the cell by endocytosis. Acidification of the endosome triggers M2 ion channel activity. The influx of protons into virion interior is believed to disrupt interactions between the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP), matrix protein 1 (M1), and lipid bilayers, thereby freeing the viral genome from interaction with viral proteins and enabling RNA segments to migrate to the host cell nucleus, where influenza virus RNA transcription and replication occur. Also plays a role in viral proteins secretory pathway. Elevates the intravesicular pH of normally acidic compartments, such as trans-Golgi network, preventing newly formed hemagglutinin from premature switching to the fusion-active conformation.
Subunit:
Homotetramer; composed of two disulfide-linked dimmers held together by non-covalent interactions. May interact with matrix protein 1.
Subcellular Location:
Virion membrane. Host apical cell membrane; Single-pass type III membrane protein. Note=Abundantly expressed at the apical plasma membrane in infected polarized epithelial cells, in close proximity to budding and assembled virions. Minor component of virions (only 16-20 molecules/virion).
Similarity:
Belongs to the influenza viruses matrix protein M2 family.
SWISS:
N/A
Gene ID:
956528
猪流感病毒H1N1属A型流感病毒H1N1-M2蛋白，H1N1猪流感病毒与很多流感病毒型同源交叉,其同源性很高：H5N1 H7N7 H9N2 H13N6 H16N3 H1N1 N2N1 H3N2 H2N2 等等并仍在不断的变异。
猪流感病毒H1N1不但种属同源性很高，而且遍及欧美很多国家和地区，包括美国中东部很多省份及亚洲香港、泰国等东南亚地区。猪间传播每年都有，人猪间传播近年来呈上升趋势。
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