Guanylate cyclases belong to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family. There are two forms of guanylate cyclase. The soluble form, known as GCS or sGC, act as receptors for nitric oxide. The membrane-bound receptor form, known as GC, are peptide hormone receptors. GCS is a cGMP-synthesizing enzyme, which is the major receptor for the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO). It plays a crucial role in smooth muscle contractility, platelet reactivity and neurotransmission. GCS is a heme containing heterodimer, consisting of one ?subunit and one beta subunit. The heme moeity mediates NO activation, and this heme group also binds carbon monoxide, which weakly stimulates the enzyme. Both NO and CO stimulation are enhanced by the allosteric activator 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'furyl)-benzyl-indazole, YSLC1. YSLC1 can also stimulate GCS in a NO-independent manner. Both alpha and beta subunits are required for cGMP generation, and at least two isoforms exist for each subunit. Heterodimers consisting of alpha-1/beta-1 and alpha-2/beta-1 have been identified, and both display similar enzymatic activity. The distribution of the beta-2 subunit seems to be much more restricted than the beta-1 subunit, with predominant expression in kidney and liver
Function:
Guanylate Cyclase is an heterodimer of an alpha and a beta chain. Its enzymatic activity transforms GTP to GMP releasing a diphosphate. It binds 1 or 2 hemes per heterodimer. It is activated by nitric oxide in the presence of magnesium or manganese ions. There are two types of guanylate cyclase: soluble form and membrane-associated receptor form.
Subunit:
Heterodimer of an alpha and a beta chain.
Subcellular Location:
Cytoplasmic.
Tissue Specificity:
Isoform 1 is expressed in fetal brain, liver, colon, endothelium and testis. Isoform 2 is expressed only in liver, colon and endothelium.
Similarity:
Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family.
Contains 1 guanylate cyclase domain.
SWISS:
O75343
Gene ID:
2974
Database links:
Entrez Gene: 2974 Human
Entrez Gene: 239134 Mouse
Entrez Gene: 25206 Rat
Omim: 603695 Human
SwissProt: O75343 Human
SwissProt: Q6XE41 Mouse
SwissProt: P22717 Rat
Unigene: 411573 Human
Unigene: 10933 Rat
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