Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues (TIP39) was initially identified as a neurotransmitter and agonist of the PTH2 receptor, which is expressed in the cardiovascular system. Accumulating evidence suggests that TIP39 may be the endogenous ligand of the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor. The vast majority of TIP39 containing neurons are localized in two regions, the subparafascicular area at the thalamic midbrain junction, and the medial paralemniscal nucleus in the rostral pons. In contrast to the restricted localization of TIP39 containing cell bodies, TIP39 containing fibers have a widespread distribution.
Function:
Plays a role as a potent and selective agonist of PTH2R resulting in adenyl cyclase activation and intracellular calcium levels elevation. Induces protein kinase C beta activation, recruitment of beta-arrestin and PTH2R internalization. May inhibit cell proliferation via its action on PTH2R activation. Neuropeptide which may also have a role in spermatogenesis. May activate nociceptors and nociceptive circuits.
Subunit:
Ligand of high affinity for the PTH2 receptor (PTH2R).
Subcellular Location:
Secreted
Tissue Specificity:
Highly expressed in fetal and adult brain, cerebellum and trachea. Weakly expressed in spinal cord, fetal liver, kidney and heart.
Similarity:
Belongs to the parathyroid hormone family.
SWISS:
Q96A98
Gene ID:
113091
Database links:
Entrez Gene: 113091 Human
Entrez Gene: 114128 Mouse
SwissProt: Q96A98 Human
SwissProt: Q91W27 Mouse
Unigene: 339845 Human
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