Bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) is a complicated disease to discuss as it can result in a wide variety of disease problems from very mild to very severe. BVD can be one of the most devastating diseases cattle encounter and one of the hardest to get rid of when it attacks a herd. The viruses that cause BVD have been grouped into two genotypes, Type I and Type II. The disease syndrome caused by the two genotypes is basically the same, however disease caused by Type II infection is often more severe. The various disease syndromes noted in cattle infected with BVD virus are mainly attributed to the age of the animal when it became infected and to certain characteristics of the virus involved.
Function:
Involved in virus morphogenesis. Functions as a receptor for the immature double-layered inner capsid particle (ICP) which transiently buds into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum during viral maturation.
Enterotoxin that causes a phospholipase SLCdependent elevation of the intracellular calcium concentration in host intestinal mucosa cells. Increased concentration of intracellular calcium disrupts the cytoskeleton and the tight junctions, raising the paracellular permeability. Potentiates chloride ion secretion through a calcium ion-dependent signaling pathway, inducing age-dependent diarrhea. To perform this enterotoxigenic role in vivo, NSP4 is probably released from infected enterocytes in a soluble form capable of diffusing within the intestinal lumen and interacting with the plasma membrane receptors on neighboring epithelial cells. Possible receptors for NSP4 are alpha-1/beta-1 and alpha-2/beta-1 integrin heterodimers
Subunit:
Homotetramer. Forms a complex with the ICP. Interacts, via the active enterotoxic peptide region, with host CAV1, early and late in infection. Interacts with host integrin ITGA1/ITGB1 heterodimer. Interacts with host integrin ITGA2/ITGB1 heterodimer. Interaction with microtubules blocks trafficking to the Golgi apparatus
Post-translational modifications:
Mannosylated.
Similarity:
Belongs to the rotavirus NSP4 family.
SWISS:
P08434
Gene ID:
N/A
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